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The quality of women’s relationships with their partner is diminished if they view their parenting division as unfair or want to spend more time working, of employed parents in Canada has found.

shows women’s larger housework share deteriorates relationship satisfaction and leads to divorce. Our study shows inequality across the domestic sphere – housework and parenting – jeopardizes relationship quality.

Housework and parenting: Equally damaging?

Women consistently do more housework, even when . They do more when they are married and after the . Women also of the least-pleasurable households tasks, like cleaning the bathroom.

Although men have increased their housework time since the 1970s, they the least-urgent chores, like changing lightbulbs or car maintenance.

Our study found working mothers assumed a larger parenting share, and this inequality deteriorated relationship quality – but only under certain conditions. It deteriorated when mothers perceived their parenting division as unfair, or when they felt trapped in their primary carer role.

Specifically, mothers who performed a larger parenting share and worked part-time had the lowest relationship quality. This pattern was also evident for mothers who preferred more time at work.

These paradoxical findings – mothers with part-time employment and preferences for more time at work reporting worse relations with their partners due to their larger parenting burden – suggests feeling trapped in the role of mother.

Mothers are expected to be fully available to the demands and whims of children around the clock. They are expected not only to provide primary care, but also to for the household. The mental load captures all of the planning work that is required to keep the household functioning, from organizing after-school care to ensuring there is enough milk for breakfast.

The demands of this role are intense. It leads many mothers to when children are young. Yet many women may be dissatisfied with the pressure to assume the bulk of the parenting at the expense of their employment and, as a consequence, relationship quality suffers.

So, mothers can be trapped between gender role expectations of a “good” mother and their desires to be more engaged in the labour market. This dissatisfaction bleeds into the marriage.

Relationship quality is better among some couples, such as those who equally share the parenting even when mothers work part-time, full-time or overtime hours. Simply, men’s equal parenting participation, regardless of mothers’ employment status, appears to be the linchpin for relationship quality.

Implications for Australia

Australian mothers have some of the in the world. The government offers little in terms of parenting or parental leave, meaning Australian families must find individual rather than government solutions for the care of young children.

Faced with expensive childcare, many mothers reduce to part-time work or drop out of the labour market altogether to look after children. These employment decisions make mothers economically vulnerable if couples divorce and in older age: one-in-three women retire .

For many Australian families, the solution is mothers’ reduced time in employment. Moreover, Australian parents in their gender role attitudes after having a child, meaning more couples view mothers as the ideal carer for children once becoming parents.

Our study suggests this combination of factors – preferences for mother-provided childcare and reductions in mothers’ employment – may deteriorate relationship quality among Australian couples. Close to half (47%) of all divorces in Australia are , and women are more likely to file for divorce than men.

The results from our Canadian sample suggest one reason women may experience lower relationship quality in their marriages is the unequal division of the domestic work – parenting and housework.

Men’s more active participation in the home and family-responsive policies, including the availability of universal government-subsidised child care, may have a two-fold benefit: increasing mothers’ labour market attachment, and improving relationship quality.

 is a senior lecturer in sociology at the University of Melbourne;  is a professor of sociology at the University of Toronto, and  is chair of the department of sociology at the University of Toronto.

This article was originally published on . Read the .