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Rebecca Horne is pulling back the covers to reveal how couples communicate when it comes to sex and desire.

A PhD researcher at the University of Toronto Mississauga, Horne studies how couples resolve conflicts of interest through sacrifice – when one person gives up their own self-interest or desires for a partner – and what effect this has on the relationship. Her ongoing work is .

Yet, as Horne notes, partners also make sacrifices for each other every day, including during intimate moments.

“The domain of sex is a primary area where couples can have these conflicts, and where sacrificing might be really important – especially because it’s a sensitive and vulnerable context for a lot of people,” Horne says. 

The topic is the subject of a recent study, co-authored with Horne’s colleagues at U of T Mississauga, York University and Carleton University, that was . It looked at how romantic partners regulate expression of sexual desire, and what effect these tactics have on relationship well-being.

“Romantic partners often regulate their emotions and affection to achieve certain goals, but we wanted to know more about how partners regulate their expression of sexual desire during sex and its implications for couples’ well-being,” Horne says.

Horne notes that we might regulate our emotions to achieve goals in everyday social interactions – for example, smiling at an annoying boss for the sake of workplace harmony or job retention.

In a romantic relationship, this regulation could take the form of expressing fondness and warmth to a partner that’s not really in line with what we’re feeling in the moment, or hiding feelings of sexual disinterest from a partner or pretending to be more enthusiastic about a sexual experience than we really are. 

Such tactics might be employed to smooth over the momentary blips in desire that can be caused by a bad day at work, fatigue or distraction in the moment.

“These are ways that we modify our self-interest, presumably for the benefits of our partner,” Horne says, noting that research shows this happens as much as three times per week in a typical romantic relationship. 

“We may think we are interacting authentically with our partners, but we do these regulatory strategies in subtle ways.”

Yet, as Horne notes, the result is a disconnect between what we are feeling inside and what we are showing on the outside.

The study involved surveying 225 couples, most in heterosexual long-term romantic relationships, to track the link between regulation of desire and relationship satisfaction. Respondents kept individual 21-day diaries that tracked intimate relations, levels of desire and individual feelings of well-being and satisfaction.  

The results showed people engaged in two kinds of primary regulatory tactics when desire was low: amplification of desire and suppression of disinterest.

Amplifying desire is about exaggeration to cover for low interest in sex. That could take the form of erotic talk, caresses or even faking an orgasm.

Suppression of disinterest, by contrast, is employed when a partner hides the fact that they’re not really interested in the experience – either in the moment or overall. 

Horne says that a partner may conceal that they have lost interest during sex if they are fatigued or distracted, or if their partner isn’t attending to their sexual needs in the moment. 

“When we use these strategies, we’re trying to change the way that we express emotion or desire to somebody after that emotion or desire has already been elicited,” Horne says. “These strategies can be really challenging because there’s a tension between what we’re feeling inside and what we’re showing when we’re not interested.”

Horne adds that not all sexual regulation strategies are created equal – and that sexual authenticity appears to play a key role. Those who employed these tactics reported feeling sexually inauthentic, which predicted lower satisfaction – both sexually and in the relationship. 

“We found that there are drawbacks to these behaviours,” Horne says. “Our work suggests that both partners feel less satisfied with their sex lives on days when one partner amplified or exaggerated expressions of desire.” 

The story is a little bit different for suppression tactics. 

Those who hid their lack of desire reported feeling sexually inauthentic and detached from their own satisfaction, but it wasn’t always detrimental for their partners, who may have been convinced they were interested and engaged in the moment. 

While suppressing disinterest can lead to a partner’s higher satisfaction, it can undermine one’s own feelings of satisfaction.

“These things happen during sex, and they have implications for our satisfaction,” Horne says. “When we regulate these displays, it feels sexually inauthentic.”

While all respondents reported engaging in regulation tactics occasionally, Horne says it’s important to notice if it becomes part of a pattern. Being attuned to our partners while balancing our own sexual needs can circumvent the conflicts that might lead to regulation strategies, and can amp up relationship satisfaction for both partners, Horne says.

“If things aren’t feeling right during sex, you could try to re-route, or have an open conversation about the things you like and don’t like," she advises.

“Honest and clear sexual communication is really important, and seems to have more benefits for partner satisfaction.”

The research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SHRRC) and a SSHRC Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship.