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Astronomers in the Canadian-led – including researchers from the University of Toronto – have doubled the number of known repeating sources of mysterious flashes of radio waves, known as fast radio bursts (FRBs). Through the discovery of 25 new repeating sources (for a total of 50), the team has also solidified the idea that all FRBs may eventually repeat.

FRBs are considered one of the biggest mysteries in astronomy, but their exact origins are unknown.

Astronomers do know that they come from far outside of our Milky Way, and are likely produced by the cinders left behind after stars die. Most of the thousands of FRBs that astronomers have discovered to date have only ever been seen to burst once, but there is a small subset that have been seen to burst multiple times.

One of the big questions is whether the repeating FRBs, and those that don’t repeat, have similar origins. One key clue is that the two populations seem to have different characteristics – such as the durations of the bursts they produce and the range of frequencies emitted. This has led to the consensus that there are possibly two distinct categories of FRBs: repeaters and one-offs, with different origins.

Finding more repeating sources is key to answering this question – and in new , the CHIME/FRB Collaboration presents 25 new sources. While the team had previously established repeating FRBs as a class of sources, this is the first time they have combed through the data to find every repeating source detected so far, including the less obvious ones. To make this happen, the group developed a new set of statistics tools.

“We can now accurately calculate the probability that two or more bursts coming from similar locations are not just a coincidence,” explains , a Dunlap postdoctoral fellow at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics and corresponding author of the publication. “These new tools were essential for this study, and will also be very useful for similar research going forward.”

Thanks to radio telescopes like the  (CHIME), the number of detected FRBs has grown from less than a hundred to thousands in recent years due to CHIME’s capacity to scan the entire northern sky every day.

“That’s how CHIME has an edge over other telescopes when it comes to discovering FRBs,” Pleunis says.

In their new research, the CHIME/FRB Collaboration has demonstrated that many repeating FRBs are surprisingly inactive, producing less than one burst per week of observing time.

“Many apparently one-off FRBs have simply not yet been observed long enough for a second burst from the source to be detected,” Pleunis explains.

Repeating sources of FRBs are uniquely valuable to astronomers. First, knowing that a source is a repeater creates an opportunity to observe that same source with other telescopes in more detail. Secondly, more bursts offer more information on the diversity of emission that a source can produce.

“It is exciting that CHIME/FRB saw multiple flashes from the same locations, as this allows for the detailed investigation of their nature,” says , a PhD student in the David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics in the Faculty of Arts & Science.

Ibik has led the search for the galaxies in which some of the newly identified repeating FRBs are embedded, as reported in an accompanying research publication currently under review. “We were able to hone in on some of these repeating sources and have already identified likely associated galaxies for two of them.”

Pleunis notes that this new discovery brings astronomers closer to understanding what FRBs are – leading to even further-reaching implications.

“FRBs are likely produced by the leftovers from explosive stellar deaths.” Pleunis says. “By studying repeating FRB sources in detail, we can study the environments that these explosions occur in and better understand the end stages of a star’s life.”

“We can also learn more about the material that’s being expelled before and during the star’s demise, which is then returned to the galaxies that the FRBs live in.”

The CHIME project is co-led by the University of British Columbia, McGill University, University of Toronto and the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, with collaborating institutions across North America.

CHIME’s research is funded by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation’s Leading Edge Fund, by contributions from the province of British Columbia and Quebec, and by U of T’s Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, among other sources.